Sources of moisture in the transformer system
Moisture is formed in the transformer through the degradation processes of both oil and cellulose paper. There can be an ingress of water through gaskets that does not seal properly and moisture is pulled in when the transformer cools down during the night or when the load is reduced. Silica gel breathers are not maintained by replacing the gel in the breather when they change color. The breather’s bottom seal might be leaking and this will cause the breather to be useless in its intended purpose. This will cause air to pass freely into the system without the proper barriers to filter out moisture. The neglect in this area will lead to a major ingress of moisture into the unit, which may prove detrimental to the transformer’s life as an increase in moisture and oxygen will lead to more degradation products to be formed in the insulation system, this will decrease the transformer’s reliable lifetime. Leading to higher maintenance costs in purification or other means to dry out the insulation system.
However, the main source of moisture is in the internal chemical reactions. It has been found that these reactions can contribute as much as 2ppm of moisture per year to the system.
So with all this – how can we manage and minimize the influence of moisture on the system?
Effective moisture management strategies
A conservator is a place of air exchange, it is advised to paint the conservator white to decrease the temperature and thereby decreasing the “breathing” or paint it with a layer of insulating material.
An air cell can be fitted. This will separate the atmosphere and the oil, this will lead to an isolated oil system that will decrease the ingress of oxygen. Oxygen is needed for the formation of moisture in the insulation system.
Regular oil sampling and analysis is required to ensure that the unit is reliable and optimized to ensure an extended lifetime. It is really important to emphasize the need for high-quality samples. The sample needs to be taken in such a manner that no contamination can take place. The sample needs to be clearly identified to ensure that no mix-ups of data are possible. The temperature of the oil should be indicated on the sampling container is important to determine the exact moisture content of the oil. The size of the unit kVA or MVA should be indicated as there are different thresholds of moisture that are acceptable for different transformer classes. If these criteria are not met, it is impossible to identify a problem. This, in turn, can lead to incorrect or unnecessary maintenance.
Why do we need to indicate the temperature of the oil when sampling?
Moisture in the transformer is distributed between the oil and the cellulose paper. Only a very small percentage of moisture is present in the oil at any time. But it should be noted that with changes in temperature the concentration equilibrium of the moisture in the paper and the oil will change. When the temperature increases a higher concentration of moisture will be present in the oil than under colder conditions or lower loading cycles. Research has been performed in this area and graphs are available to indicate the percentage of moisture in the oil at a specific temperature. The analyst will take this into consideration when reporting back to the customer the real value for the moisture that is present in the unit. When a transformer with a high concentration of moisture is allowed to cool down, the oil will become oversaturated if the paper is unable to absorb the large amount of moisture, moisture droplets will be formed. If the cool-down of the unit is rapid then the paper won’t be able to absorb the moisture as the equilibrium reaction for movement of moisture between the oil and paper needs time. It does not happen in an instant. This scenario can be catastrophic to the unit
Practical tips to ensure good quality samples
When a sample is taken it should not be exposed to extreme changes in temperature as this can have a large impact on the accuracy of the test results. Care should be taken by the analyst to ensure that the container is filled as per procedure requirements otherwise false positives may occur that would lead to unnecessary maintenance being performed. The sample should be carefully turned to ensure a uniform sample is used to perform analysis. When performing DGA analysis, some of the gases are prone to escape from the oil into the air pocket at the top of the sample container if the container is not filled to ensure no air pockets are present. No bubbles should be present in the sample while taking the sample when a DGA analysis needs to be done.
Moisture removal methods
Rapid moisture movement causes low dielectric strength. The aim of moisture removal is to prevent low dielectric strength and decreasing the long-term impact of high moisture levels on the insulating system. Currently, there are three methods that are widely used throughout the industry.
Heat and vacuum method
Caution should be taken when applying this method while the unit is still on-line. Starting the vacuum unit can draw oil from the transformer and if the oil levels are low, the core can be exposed and flashover can occur. Also, if the moisture levels are high then this method should not be used while the unit is on-line.
This process will take the moisture from the oil system and by decreasing the moisture in the oil, equilibrium will set in and more moisture will move from the core into the oil. The oil will be processed at a temperature only slightly higher than the operating temperature, the optimum temperature was found to be around 70 to 80 degrees Celsius. The oil cannot be heated too much as this will cause the breakdown of the chemical structure of the oil and an inefficient insulation system, with a low dielectric. The oil is pulled from the heating chamber into a vacuum chamber where the coalescers will disperse the oil and the moisture will be drawn off the oil. Very little of the moisture is drawn from the core during this process if applied for less than 24 hours. To be really beneficial this process needs to run consecutively for at least 72 hours if removal of moisture from the core is to be accomplished. If 12 passes are done by this method it should remove most moisture from the oil, but little from the core. The unit needs to operate for about two weeks and the process should be repeated. This routine can be followed until the moisture level is decreased to acceptable levels. Unfortunately, this is quite impractical for industry, unless the moisture content is not that high and the unit can process the oil while the transformer is still operational.
Vacuum chiller method
The oil will be taken from the transformer at the operating temperature, drawn into the chamber, a vacuum applied and the vapor will be cooled. This method can be used on-line. But it has proven to be not as efficient as the filtration type systems.
Filtration
The filtration system uses filters that operate on the moisture at a molecular level, trapping the moisture in the material structure of the filter. With the first technology, it was only possible to remove free water, but with new technology, this changed and dissolved moisture can be removed.
There are two types of filters available Paper filtration, membrane filter, ceramic filters, and “zeolite” bead filters.
The molecular bead filters (used in dry-keep) uses zeolite beads to target moisture. These small beads are manufactured with a specific pore size to effectively trap moisture.
Explotech’s MMS 1000 filtration systems are very effective in removing moisture. They will monitor the moisture in the oil, once the level has been determined the unit will start filtration. Once the desired moisture level is achieved the unit will stop filtration and the operator will be informed.
The amount of moisture is dependent on the concentration that moves into the oil during the equilibrium process. As stated previously the transformer will constantly form moisture as part of the normal inherent chemical processes going on in the system.
When a molecular filter is fitted to the system it will ensure continued moisture removal from the system, this will ensure low moisture levels in the unit, in turn, this will lead to slower degradation of the oil and paper system in the unit. Hereby ensuring lifetime optimization and cost reduction regarding maintenance.
References:
- Michel Belanger, Stephane Larouche, “Application of on-line dry-out process to power transformers”, Doble Engineering 2003.
- J Aubin, H Vogel, H Bennett, J Eltzel “Determination of moisture in transformer insulation from the long-duration measurement of moisture in oil” CIGRE paper 27, Brugge 2007
- VG Davydov, O Rotzman, “Moisture assessment in power transformers – lessons learned, Vaisala news.
24 Comments
seo scam
I used to be suggested this website via my cousin. I’m no longer sure whether this put up is written by him as nobody else realize such designated approximately my difficulty. You are amazing! Thanks!
восстановить жесткий диск после форматирования
[url=https://www.datamaster.kiev.ua/vosstanovlenie-dannyh-s-zhestkogo-diska/]методы восстановления информации[/url]
Самое красивое [url=https://4verka.xyz/]порно онлайн спящая сестра[/url] видео, дозволительно смотреть всего у нас, потому сколько в наших роликах https://4verka.xyz/categories/HD/ самые сексуальные девушки, которые хорошо знают, сколько такое секс.
An interesting cryptocurrency tumbler is bitcoin mixer. It supports bitcoin and Ethereum cryptocurrencies bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.2 BTC and the transaction fee is 2–5%. It does not support multiple addresses and requires 6 confirmations. No registration is required and it does not offer a referral program. And last but not least, there is a coin mixer with a number of cryptocurrencies to tumbler named bitcoin mixer. At the moment, there are three currencies and Ethereum is going to be represented in future. This mixer offers a very simple user-interface, as well as the opportunity to have control over all steps of the mixing process. A user can select a delay not just by hours, but by the minute which is very useful. The tumbler gives the opportunity to use a calculator to understand the amount of money a user finally receives. The service fee is from 1 % to 5 % with fees for extra addresses (0.00045529 BTC, 0.01072904 LTC, and 0.00273174 BCH). Having funds from different resources helps the crypto mixer to keep user’s personal information undiscovered. This last mixer does not offer its users a Letter of Guarantee. Another solid Bitcoin Tumbler option, [url=https://bitcoin-mixer-io.com/]bitcoin mixer[/url] requires a minimum deposit of 0.01 BTC to be made but makes up for this with a lower transaction fee of 2% coupled with a 0.0004 BTC network fee. Support for multiple addresses and customer options is provided with users required to provide confirmation for only 1 address. While there is no referral program available, bitcoin mixer does offer users with a letter of guarantee for their peace of mind.
RUS
[b]Важно знать![/b]
Ещё в далёком 2009-м году многие из нас допустили грубейшую ошибку когда прошли мимо Биткойна, который на тот период стоил копейки и купить можно было за 1 доллар 1350(!) Биткойнов, (не Сатош, а именно Биткойнов)
Теперь это всё в прошлом и сегодня появилась уникальная возможность эту ошибку исправить, потому что войдя в MinePlex Bot[/url] на Телеграмм канале[/url] уже в недалёком будущем будет понятно что не только Биткойн рулит на Планете Земля в 2021-м году, но и появилась альтернатива ему MinePlex Banking[/url]. И пока монета Plex не дорогая сейчас самое время запастись Mine и отправить в стейкинг для добычи Plex. Цена Mine не меняется, стоимость $0.01 за одну единицу. Калькулятор доходности [url=https://mineplex-bot.com/ru/464939433/#currency]тут.[/url] Более детально можно ознакомиться [url=https://mine-plex-bot.blogspot.com/][b]тут>>>[/b][/url]
ENG
[b]It is important to know[/b]
Back in the distant 2009 , many of us made a gross mistake when we passed by Bitcoin, which at that time cost a penny and could be bought for 1 dollar 1350 (!) Bitcoins, (not Satosh, namely Bitcoins)
Now it’s all in the past and today have a unique opportunity to correct this mistake, because entering the MinePlex Bo[/url]t on Telegrams channel already in the near future it will be understood that not only steers Bitcoin on Planet Earth in 2021 -th year, but there is an alternative to it [url=https://mineplex-bot.com/en/464939433]MinePlex Banking[/url] … While the Plex coin is not expensive, now is the time to stock up on Mine and stake it to mine Plex. Mine price does not change, cost $0.01 per unit. Profit calculator [url=https://mineplex-bot.com/en/464939433/#currency]here[/url] More details can be found [url=https://mine-plex-bot.blogspot.com/][b]here>>>[/b][/url]
[url=https://mineplex-bot.com/464939433][img]http://qrcoder.ru/code/?http%3A%2F%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Ft.me%2Fmine_plex_bot%3Fstart%3D464939433&6&0[/img][/url]
NVIZIT_22
[url=https://mine-plex-bot.blogspot.com/]mineplex версия [/url]
[url=https://mineplex-bot.com/464939433]mineplex купить[/url]
[url=https://mine-plex-bot.blogspot.com/]mineplex com[/url]
[url=https://mine-plex-bot.blogspot.com/]mineplex[/url]
[url=https://mine-plex-bot.blogspot.com/]проект mineplex banking[/url]
integracion de juegos de tragamonedas
[url=https://imperium-games.mx/]el auge del juego en linea[/url]
software de casino en Internet
software de casino de sorteos
software de casino en Internet gaminator
modulo api casino
software de casino islot
Я перейду сразу к делу. Я знаю, что вы расстроены проблемами с замками. У вас есть много вариантов замков и средств защиты дверей, но трудно найти компанию, которая сделает все, что вам нужно. Замена личинки замка. Ключи от 2 до 5 в комплекте, которые находятся в запломбированной заводской упаковке. 1 руб. Заказать. Смена замка на стеклянной двери. Реальные отзывы наших клиентов. услуги по дверным замкам. [url=http://zamenazamkov.ru/]полезный источник[/url]
[url=http://zamenazamkov.ru/][img]https://zamenazamkov.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/smena-zamka-v-dveri-viezd-mastera.jpg [/img][/url]
Можем приехать к Вам в течение часа, либо на удобное Вам время, с собой у мастера замки, личинки и материалы всех брендов. Для того, чтобы Вы могли выбрать подходящий для Вас вариант по цене, качеству или ситуации. Мастер подскажет и проконсультирует какая модель будет оптимальнее под конкретно Ваш случай. Приеду к вам за минут, возьму с собой более моделей замков и личинок, решу не стандартные задачи. Металлическая Деревянная Пластиковая. Входная Межкомнатная Офисная. Да Нет, есть свой. Предоставим гарантию и сделаем хорошую скидку. Вызвать мастера. Что у Вас случилось? Какая у Вас дверь? Металлическая Деревянная. Точная стоимость составит: 0 руб. Выберите нужный бренд Если вы знаете модель замка, выберите здесь Да Нет. Заказать услугу? Простые этапы по решению вашей проблемы 1 Позвоните по нашему номеру или оставьте заявку на нашем сайте и мастер перезвонит Вам лично 2 Приезжаем в течении минут либо на удобное для Вас время сразу с замками и личинками 3 Работа выполняется за один приезд мастера и обычно занимает не более одного часа 4 Предоставим чеки, дадим гарантию, оплатить сможете любым удобным для Вас способом Вызвать мастера. Замена и установка стандартного замка без разбора и снятия двери, переделки, вставного отверстия, накладок. Врезка замка на новое место без разбора и снятия двери, переделки, вставного отверстия, накладок. Замена личинки замка. Ключи от 2 до 5 в комплекте, которые находятся в запломбированной заводской упаковке. Вскрытие замка. Выполняется только при наличии документа на собственность и в присутствии владельца или полицейского. Ложный вызов. Вы заказали мастера, но после его прибытия на место, по любым причинам отказались от наших услуг. Установка замка Apecs. Врезка замка на новое место. Замена личинки дверного замка. Ремонт замка входной двери. Смена замка на стеклянной двери. Реальные отзывы наших клиентов. Мастера приезжают смотрят, потом едут в магазин Используют дешёвую фурнитуру замки, петли, ручки Ставят китайские аналоги замков и личинок. Как работаем мы:. Мы приезжаем сразу с замками и личинками, все в наличии Установка производится только специальными профессиональными инструментами. Без посредников и переплат! Предоставляем услуги по установке и ремонту, а также врезке замков на входные, железные и межкомнатные двери. Имеем за плечами большой опыт работы и сотни довольных клиентов, среди которых много постоянных. Профессиональный инструментарий и мастерство работников позволяет нам выполнять работу быстро и качественно за один приезд, экономя Ваше время и деньги. Работаем только с проверенными поставщиками и брэндами, хорошо зарекомендовавшими себя на этом рынке. Всегда на связи! Москва, Варшавское шоссе 42 8 mail z-key. Оставьте свой номер или выберите удобный месенджер. Написать мастеру в вотсап. Написать мастеру в вайбер. Прочитал и согласен на обработку персональных данных.
BTC may be the latest or last chance to get rich in this era. It will reach $200000 next year or the next year.
Think about only $2 a few years ago. Come to the world’s largest and safest virtual currency exchange to reduce the handling fee. Don’t miss the most important opportunity in life
https://hi.switchy.io/5dyf
Hello guys. And Bye.
neversurrenderboys 😉
скачать игры на андроид для двоих по блютузу
скачать тему на телефон бесплатно и без регистрации
скачать квест на андроид
скачать часы на экран
acer маркет игры приложения
[url=https://top-android.org/lists/new-games/]скачать игры на андроид 2021[/url]
[url=https://chel-week.ru/26443-dolevku-priravnyali-k-ruletke.html]«Долевку» приравняли к рулетке.[/url] Более четырех тысяч южноуральцев вложили свои деньги в «долевку». На сегодняшний день на деньги населения в области строится 84 многоквартирных дома. Работа на большинстве из них идет по гра
Создайте первые 200 шагов, если вы завтра станете президентом, разделите их на группы по 10 штук и расположите в хронологическом порядке принятия . Создай свои [url=https://ussr.website/проекты-будущего.html]Проекты будущего[/url]
We’re a digital marketing and SEO agency based in Dubai offering practical and effective marketing solutions to businesses across the UAE.
[url=https://conversions.ae/]Better casino[/url]
Pay for my world affairs assignment http://sc.devb.gov.hk/TuniS/www.zotero.org/groups/2901984/soupsink7757
UYhjhgTDkJHVy
Bitcoin mix
http://veraneocadiz.com/news/bitcoin_blender_review__bitcoinblender__bitcoinblender_io_review__how_to_use_bitcoin_blender.html
ДНК центр «ДТЛ» проводит ДНК тесты на территории всей Российской Федерации. В нашей лаборатории используется оборудование производства «Applied Biosystems», мирового лидера в области биотехнологий. Современные научно-технические разработки позволяют проводить уникальные ДНК анализы, которые делают всего несколько лабораторий в мире. Все тесты выполняются только дипломированными специалистами, среди которых есть эксперты мирового уровня, имеющие опыт работы более 15 лет в области исследования ДНК.
[url=https://dnk-otcovstvo.ru/]Днк тест[/url]
acr freeroll password
[url=https://freerollpasswords.info/]Poker Freeroll Passwords today[/url]
natural8 freeroll password
acr freeroll password
продам монеты
[url=https://auction.domongol.com.ua/]продам монеты[/url]
https://auction.domongol.com.ua/
Coin Mixer review
http://famefact.com/wp-content/
Всегда бесплатные прокси. Always free proxies. Simple Proxy Bot
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSDv_xa10Fg
Принтеры FDM
[url=https://anycubicofficial.ru/]Принтер SLA[/url]
If you have a chance to check out the Net casino site, you will surely discover websites that use “120 Free Spins For Real Cash.” This appears also good to be real. After all, exactly how can these websites provide such free offers? The purpose of this short article is to discuss exactly how gambling establishments distribute cost-free spins and just how you can get your hands on them.
The first inquiry that most people ask when they learn about “120 totally free spins genuine cash” is if these offers truly exist. The online casinos definitely do not make this sort of offer just to entice brand-new gamers to sign up. Rather, they are offering these rewards to make sure that existing gamers would certainly remain devoted to their casinos. You may think that existing gamers would certainly not mind obtaining something totally free if it implies that they will maintain returning to the gambling establishment. The casinos recognize this quite possibly which is why they use “totally free” rotates with deposits.
Registering with these casinos would certainly suggest that you agree to play the video games for an established variety of spins with a provided amount of time. In return, the gambling establishment’s honor you with factors that can be used as chips or bonus factors. Prior to joining an online casino totally free spins for real money, make sure that you check out the fine print of the agreement. Find out what are the severe regards to the deal. There are significant terms that need to be consisted of in the agreement.
The major problem that you must be worried concerning when you find out about “down payment cost-free spins genuine cash” bargains is the truth that most of them require you to pay a deposit. A a great deal of these offers need you to make a single deposit before you can enjoy the bonus. Some offer particular perks instead of your first down payment. Others permit you to make numerous deposits to obtain better opportunities of winning. Therefore, it is necessary that you get all the information in writing to stay clear of future complications.
As soon as you have actually subscribed to play these games, be sure to review the policies meticulously. A lot of these on-line gambling enterprises would not enable you to play greater than one video game per hour. Likewise, make sure to read the benefit information. Find out how much you would be obtaining for each and every spin. It is essential to keep in mind that a lot of online casinos do not bother with the first 10 rotates; thus, it is important to select the video games that you can win genuine money on.
A lot of these deals do not mention any restrictions on the number of complimentary rotates. This makes it possible for you to keep winning games after depositing UK pounds. There are 2 means to win with these online casinos. Either you win a repaired prize on the first spin, or you obtain an equal quantity in a type of bonus rotates. If you select the bonus option, beware not to sign up for a lot of casino sites.
[url=https://websitem.info] You will be thrilled to know with reference to Join Now! Get $10 Free Value [/url] with online sportsbook gambling win real money now.
You can likewise secure free cash in various other methods. Some of these online video games offer you cost-free debts to wager. If you bank on the very same game as lots of people, you would wind up investing more in wagering fees. Hence, it is much better that you choose the video games that let you win genuine money without needing to utilize your credit cards. The majority of the gambling enterprise companies supply join incentives. These provide you free debts to play various online games.
If you truly wish to enjoy playing the slots, it is better to spend a few minutes of your time to find out the best offers offered. Consider the slot sites as well as read the bonus offer details before you decide to join. The free rotates used by a lot of the on the internet casinos are an excellent means to win real money.
Also you can visit BusinessWire media outlet portal to check the [url=http://siptrunkvoipbusinessphone.shop/]SIP Trunk VoIP Business Phone Solutions News, Reviews, Tips and Information[/url] and many more interesting posts and breaking industry news, in North America and around the globe.
Article original source: [url=http://zushikuchich6.is-programmer.com/guestbook/]How To Secure Free Rotates Genuine Cash From Online Gambling Enterprises[/url] 37f9454
[url=https://www.maquestionmedicale.fr ]consultation medicale en ligne
[/url][url=https://www.maquestionmedicale.fr ]consulter un medecin en ligne
[/url][url=https://www.maquestionmedicale.fr/infirmieres/ ]Logiciel Infirmier
[/url][url=https://www.maquestionmedicale.fr ]teleconsultation
[/url][url=https://www.maquestionmedicale.fr/infirmieres/ ]Teleconsultation infirmiere
[/url]